Scientific basis of radiation-heterogeneous processes have been developed; Scientific principles for increase of both activity and  selectivity of catalysts of cracking oil hydrocarbons and radiation-catalytic processes of the cracking have been elaborated. The effective ways for transformation of ionizing radiation energy using universals energy-carrier as hydrogen were detected. Scientific basis for selection of the catalysts are using at radiation-catalytic processes of dissolution have been found. The contribution of radiation-heterogeneous processes in contacts of the fuel elements with heat carrier at the storage of molecular hydrogen and materials under normal and emergency operating regime of nuclear reactors have been discovered